In the chapter… The War of the Triple Alliance was a battle between Latin American countries. The war ended with all three countries getting what they wanted from Paraguay: slaves for labor and land to grow food on. Section 2 Summary: After Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas, European colonizers started to explore Latin America. As populations in Latin American countries continue to grow, they become more desperate and less able to improve their living conditions or resources. Introduction: “120 Million Children in the Eye of the Hurricane”. Many banks bought these failing mills and sold them back when prices increased again by 1932; however, they were still unable to make enough money due to cheap imports from other countries such as Brazil who could produce cheaper sugar cane than Cuba could with its expensive labor costs (87). Towns grew up around these mining sites and eventually became cities. Latin American countries must reorganize their capitalist development in relationship with Western countries, as well as adapt to new technologies that are being developed by those industrialized nations. Galeano explains this by saying that loans were given to these countries at high interest rates and they had to pay back their debts with gold rather than paper money. The economic inequality between countries is unchanged despite industrialization. Montezuma tried to make peace with Cortés, but the Spanish conqueror was not interested. Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent by Eduardo Galeano is the story of the plundering of Latin American countries by foreign invaders. Charismatic Leaders In response, Zapata issued the Plan de Ayala which demanded the redistribution of land throughout Mexico. They provided valuable labor and helped facilitate early exports, but they also led rebellions against their oppressors. Technology is a great force for progress and development, but it can also be an instrument of oppression. They needed Chilean copper and had no choice but to deal with them diplomatically. Latin American History Montezuma gave gifts of gold jewelry and other valuables to appease him. Chapter 2 Summary: “King Sugar and Other Agricultural Monarchs” Section 1 Summary: “Plantations, Latifundia, and Fate” After the mining of gold and silver, Latin America also yielded a new source of wealth for Europe in the form of sugar. May 2014 When Brazil started producing its own soluble coffee, these two companies protested; so Brazil had no choice but to impose higher taxes on its product so it could compete with American-made goods. Latin American countries have been dependent on the US and Europe for economic growth, which has led to them being dependent on those countries for technology as well. This is because colonialism had already set a precedent of economic exploitation in Latin America, which continues today with larger countries controlling smaller ones. The need for more resources to feed the growing economy was not only about acquiring monetary wealth, but also about possessing power over this new part of the world. Race North-South Cooperation February 2016 283, author Galeano cited Chilean dictator Pinochet leaving “30,000 dead”, which didn’t ring true … Section 18 Summary: The Great Depression and the rise of Nazism. For example, the “coffee war” in 1967 between Brazil and the US occurred because of a monopoly on purchasing coffee beans from Brazil by two American corporations (Nestlé and General Foods) who wanted to use those beans for their own products. “Spain Owned the Cow, Others Drank the Milk” While Spanish colonization dominated much of Latin America, it ultimately could not sustain territorial control of its colonies for several reasons. Galeano states that the US pays less for Brazilian and Venezuelan iron than the iron from its own subsoil. Open Veins Of Latin America Analysis of, “Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent” by Eduardo Galeano had a lot of information in it. Similarly, Argentina encouraged foreign companies to do business in the country. Haitian Revolution March 2018 Private companies bought land without owner consent for use on coffee plantations due to this increased demand. Other European colonizers did this as well throughout Latin America; Pedro de Alvarado enacted violence towards native people in Guatemala just like Pizzaro had done earlier in Cuzco (Peru). Galeano points out that there are many US companies that own land throughout Latin America, as well as control the production of cotton, cacao and sugar. He also made sure that the country remained dependent on other countries for its economic development. Section 3 Summary: The Spanish soldiers were very hungry and wanted gold. “The human murder by poverty in Latin America is secret–every year, [the equivalent of] three Hiroshima bombs.” 3. The US, Europe, and colluding governments must end their violent acts or face consequences in the future. They did not consider the livelihoods of those living in these countries where they extracted petroleum. Galeano says he wrote a “mute” book, meaning one that can’t be silenced, about how conditions have worsened since 1971. The British relied on free trade to flourish as an economic powerhouse. March 2017 The United States and Europe view Latin America as a region that exists to serve their needs. The US is a leader in these multinational corporations, since it founded the IMF, which allows them to work with other international banks like the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and Inter-American Development Bank. Eventually, it became clear that the northern states were more successful because they had industry whereas the south only had cotton and textiles produced by slaves. The growing dependency on Western technology continued to foster these inequities. Week 2 Summary: Galeano, Chapter 1 In the first chapter of his book “Open Veins of Latin America”, Eduardo Galeano summarizes the European conquests of Latin America, and highlights the effects these conquests had on Latin America during the colonial times, as well as the lingering effects that remain today. Section 6 Summary: In Cuba, sugar was the knife and imperialism was the assassin. April 2014 The growth of industrialization and manufacturing has transformed the circumstances of modern-day capitalism. This set a precedent for other American invasions to follow, including President Theodore Roosevelt’s design of Panama so that the US could have the Panama Canal to bridge two oceans. This has negative effects on Latin American countries that lose wealth from years of exports. When the Europeans saw these gifts, they said that the Aztecs were “hungry swine.” The conquistadors then took all of Montezuma’s jewels except for his gold. They slept with family members in cramped spaces, resulting in severe respiratory problems that caused death within a few years. The US operated on free labor, while Latin America had slave labor and latifundios (large estates). October 2013 However, it was clear that this would cause unemployment and put a strain on domestic production because the country relied so heavily on British-made goods. The book Open Veins of Latin America by Eduardo Galeano is about the exploitation of Latin American resources. Wages were still low while unemployment was on the rise. This other organization is called the Agency for International Development (AID). It is described as “the mouth of hell” (57) by Domingo de Santo Tomas because it has so many dangers. The IMF says its main goal is monetary stabilization, yet it seems to do exactly the opposite. Despite these trials, they retained their spiritual essences in African languages through Christian faith. The terms of international trade do not benefit all consumers equally; rather, they only serve shareholders of foreign corporations. In this chapter we get a taste of countries who were mainly … October 2016 The military coup that overthrew Allende was brutal, as were the years under the dictatorship of Pinochet. The Colombian military attacked its own people brutally, resulting in over 180,000 deaths. Capitalism evolved into a global market that enabled the US to use protectionist policies for itself while wielding power through international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank to keep other countries economically dependent on it. March 2019 The United States, in particular, consumes almost as much as the rest of the world combined. Other leaders who stood up to oppression include Juan Velasco Alvarado, Miguel Hidalgo, and Jose Maria Morelos. However, once the silver had been depleted from that mountain, it became a source for other minerals like tin and left behind much debris. Press July 2014 December 2013 You'll love my book summary product Shortform. Alfredo Stroessner, a military leader in Paraguay, took over after the war and ensured that it would remain underdeveloped. It includes Galeano’s reflections on how political and economic circumstances have worsened over time, despite some gains in social equality. Section 7 Summary: “Protectionism and Free Trade in the United States: A Success Due Not to an Invisible Hand” The US used protectionist policies to become a successful country. Miners eventually mined all the gold in Minas Gerais, Brazil. However, this is masked by the notion of “free play of market forces”. November 2018 Although he was assassinated in 1919, his political influence lives on with his followers who reclaimed stolen lands and gave education and credit to peasants. After a long time, France lifted its trade block in 1825 when it recognized Haitian independence. The book was considered so politically incendiary by the conservative right-wing that it was … November 2016 Venezuela set up an unequal relationship with US companies that allowed for excessive drilling and depletion of land. January 2019 The population continues to grow, creating more unemployment in urban areas as well. Galeano emphasizes how many times throughout history agrarian reform has been implemented only to be reversed later due to outside interference. Previously relying on slave labor for coffee plantations, the country now relies on the efforts of “vassal inhabitants” (116) who pay for rent on the land through their labor. Section 1 Summary: “A Declaration of Independence Hailed by British Warships” Early Spanish explorers and colonists were successful in Latin America. Brazil’s Northeast region is considered one of the most undeveloped areas in North America due to its history with sugar production. Section 4 Summary: “The IMF Has Helped Conquerors to Land” The International Monetary Fund (IMF), which began in 1945, has been a source of inequality and economic dependence. During the Renaissance, Europe was undergoing a period of colonization. The demand for cotton drastically shifted the global economy. The North believed in industry and wanted to abolish slavery while the South relied on free trade and slave labor. Have too much to read? August 2013 The agreement sought to facilitate a system of trade between these Latin American countries that might ease some of the export and import inequities created by the US and Europe. In addition, it’s also used in electronics. This is due to the insistent demand for these resources in the world market. Sugar production in Latin America created a dependency on that commodity. Section 3 Summary: “Which Flag Flies Over the Machinery?” In this section, Galeano talks about how countries have given up control of their industries to foreign companies. Galeano utilizó imágenes como “las venas abiertas” que funcionan para ilustrar la situación injusta entre América Latina y los centros de poder en la que todo es transmutado en capital europeo o norteamericano. Section 21 Summary: In the 19th century, Mexico was independent of Spain and Portugal but still suffered from extreme poverty. Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent Study Guide consists of approx. They reduced it into bars and used it to buy supplies for their conquest in Tenochtitlan. Sugar was a secondary activity for the Spanish in their colonies, but it became a major Portuguese business. July 2016 This galvanized thousands more students and workers into action, forcing the government to accept amnesty for prisoners. As a result, Germany and France lost their textile business in Argentina as well as local jobs and businesses due to this agreement that forced them out of the market. This study guide refers to an updated version that was published in 1997, translated by Cedric Belfrage. The new government promised to give land back to peasants but failed to follow through on those promises. Section 11 Summary: “Ouro Prêto the Potosí of Gold” In early Brazilian history, gold fever brought many Portuguese to the Amazon forest. In Brazil alone, there used to be 230 Indian tribes; 90 have disappeared due to excessive mining and European colonization. This book has retarded the development of Latin America by not challenging people to become accountable for their own actions and efforts. October 2017 The US has always been concerned about controlling these countries’ political development because they are rich in natural resources like iron, which is essential to steel production. World-System He says that this idea was proven when the US tried to topple Castro with an attack on Cuba but failed because the Cuban people were able to defend themselves against it. January 2017 Full Summary of Open Veins Of Latin America. In this section, Galeano describes how the British replaced Latin American artisanry with their own products. The arrival of the Spanish brought violence, disease and forced labor to native people in Latin America. Although Cortés did not successfully take over Tenochtitlan, he returned later on in 1521 and conquered it once again, killing many natives in the process. They did so by trading cloth and weapons for captured slaves. AID often requires countries to agree with their economic decisions and political views in order to receive loans. South-South Cooperation Such a statement placed pressure on these governments to manage their political climate so as to make it more appealing for future loans. January 2018 Galeano talks about the mining villages where nitrate excavation once took place. In 1830, conservative politician Lucas Alamán saw that the current capitalist system of free trade could not sustain itself. January 2014 However, it is situated between Brazil and Argentina, two countries that are more economically successful than Paraguay. The result is what Galeano calls a pimp-prostitute relationship—Brazil gives out favors but ends up owing more than it receives. The British were the most successful European nation in the slave trade, which allowed them to dominate other nations. For example, one city became known for its sugar production; now it produces less sugar than other areas but is still dependent on the industry. The middle class can still encourage social change but it is unlikely to do so because of its own interests in maintaining the status quo. The fact that Brazil is a major player in LAFTA shows it’s becoming just as imperialist as US and Europe. Guided Reading & Discussion Questions Open Veins of Latin America Galeano notes that modern-day capitalism has shifted from a traditional to dynamic industry. The new innovations that came out of this time in history helped Europeans wage war against the natives in America. Knowledge World-System Crisis, August 2019 Forward by Isabel Allende. Marxism-Leninism Open Veins of Latin America was initially banned in several Latin American nations, including Uruguay. As a result, the US became the biggest exporter of timber because there was less timber available for use after it was cut down for sugar production. Galeano explains that the economic model in Latin America was more like a “kingdom of organized absurdity” in which countries would always have to respond to other countries’ demands. January 2013, Recommended books on Amazon.com; click on image of book to connect, Address to National Assembly, July 5, 2014, Address to National Assembly, December 20, 2014, Declaration of December 18, 2015 on USA-Cuba relations, Miguel Díaz-Canel, UN address, September 26, 2018, Address to G-77 plus China, January 8, 2014, Address to UN General Assembly, September 24, 2014, Statement at re-opening of Cuban Embassy in USA, June 20, 2015, Declaration on parliamentary coup in Brazil, August 31, 2016, Declaration of the Revolutionary Government of Cuba on Venezuela, April 13, 2019, Declaration of ALBA Political Council, May 21, 2019, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), Charles McKelvey, Chávez and the Revolution in Venezuela, Charles McKelvey, The unfinished agenda of race in USA, Charles McKelvey, Marxist-Leninist-Fidelist-Chavist Revolutionary, The open veins of Latin America: Coffee, Part II, “Imperialism as basic to foreign policy,” 10/10/2013, “The characteristics of neocolonialism,” 9/16/2013. By 1522, Ferdinand Magellan had conquered enough territory in his travels to unite both oceans. He believes that it’s because of how labor was used in both regions. September 2017 In 1944, a liberal revolution led to the removal of Jorge Ubico Castañeda from power in Guatemala. Later on, this led to a plantation system which exploited black slaves as labor for cultivating sugar. In 1519, Hernán Cortés returned to Spain after learning about the Aztec treasure. The greed motivated them to treat the indigenous people harshly. The book originally written to cover Latin American events and history through 1970 was provided with an addendum in 1978. Venezuela produces 3.5 million barrels of oil every day, but only uses half of that amount domestically. He believes that politicians promise agrarian reforms but do not follow through with them because they protect their own interests and are not beneficial to peasants. September 2016 Although the Indians were defeated by disease and terror, they also thought that the Europeans’ arrival was part of a prophecy. The system is designed so that they can’t pay off their debt, and therefore have no choice but to take out more loans from foreign capital. The price of copper has fallen so much that some mines are shutting down because they can’t afford to operate anymore without making money. Sign up for a 5-day free trial here. Open Veins of Latin America (1997) by Uruguayan journalist, writer, and poet Eduardo Galeano is a historical nonfiction book about the political and economic development of Latin America. In Latin America, enslavement of the Indians was used to exploit their labor. Galeano offers Bolivia as an example of the United States’ demand for tin. Geo Week 3: Open Veins of Latin America (Chapter 2) and Dancing with Dynamite (Chapter 6) 6 pages. Public Debate In USA Neocolonialism French Revolution I read this book in Spanish and I like it very much! August 2015 The US erected tariffs to protect domestic products and engage in exploitation of Latin American exports for its benefit. Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent Study Guide consists of approx. In Brazil, there was legislation passed between 1820-1850 which gave land to those who could successfully produce sugar and coffee on their plots. They were left poor so that foreigners could progress (74). Venezuela Open Veins of Latin America is a book about the history and current state of politics in Latin America. The population of Indians in Latin America declined from 70 million to 3.5 million due to exploitation by Europeans. 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