Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina. My doctor says that the result of my pap smear is Coccobacilli, and I'm afraid of it. Last medically reviewed on November 9, 2020. You cannot get BV from toilet seats, bedding, or swimming pools. Some of them cause illnesses while others are harmless. There are a number of biological entities that exhibit coccobacilli morphology and are medically important. How much of it and exactly what it looks and feels like can vary during your menstrual cycle. The World Health Organization recommends getting vaccinated against Y. pestis only if you have a high risk of coming into contact with it. Palisade Bacteria: This particular arrangement is formed during the process of cell division when the bacteria or bacilli bend at the area of the division-leading to the formation of a palisade-like arrangement. Vaginal Itching Around The Time Of Your Period: Could Bacterial Vaginosis Be To Blame? Fishy smell that gets stronger after sex. They also can test a sample of vaginal fluid to determine if BV is present. They can have very similar symptoms. Normal And Pathological Vaginal Discharge, Vaginal diseases: Vaginal bacterial infection, Gonorrhea Growing Resistance to Several Antibiotic Drugs, Tests for common sexually transmitted diseases, How to treat a belly button piercing infection, Vaginal Odor: Causes, Prevention and Treatment. They are usually transmitted during sexual activities through an exchange of bodily fluids or skin-to-skin contact where the infection is active. In women, trichomoniasis can cause a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching and painful urination. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Both oral and genital herpes are mostly asymptomatic or unrecognized but can cause painful blisters or ulcers at the site of infection, ranging from mild to severe. That's also more likely to cause itching and burning, though bacterial vaginosis might make you itchy, too. Jenn* Reply Share React When signs and symptoms develop, they are different for men and women. Severe inflammation with shift in vaginal flora. What is bacterial vaginosis and is there a cure? These are the following: Picture 5: The image shows Acinetobacter species. The name coccobacilli is a combination of the words cocci and bacilli. Cocci are sphere-shaped bacteria, while bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria. Coccobacilli is a term for a whole group of bacteria that includes both chlamydia and gardinella vaginalis. Bacteria of the species C. trachomatis they are obligate pathogens that exclusively infect the human species and are the causative agent of chlamydia - a sexually prevalent disease of significant prevalence in human populations, affecting both men and women. Learn how to spot and prevent anaplasmosis, a bacterial infection from the same ticks that spread Lyme disease. In women, trichomoniasis signs and symptoms include: In men, trichomoniasis rarely causes symptoms. over a year ago. Hi good evening!I checked my pap smear last June 15 ,then I pick up my result of my pap smear i have bacteria negative coccobacilli..what treatment of my coccobacilli? Periodontitis - it is caused by a gram-negative coccobacillus A. actinomycetemcomitans. It responds negatively when the Gram stain is applied. It's rarely seen in the United States. Its rarely seen in the United States. Coccobacilli, then, are very short rods which may be mistaken for cocci. Hpv is an sti. Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus responsible for causing whooping cough. It comes from the words cocci and bacilli.. b. H. influenzae. B. pertussis they are organisms that live strictly in aerobic environments, are immobile and respond negatively to the Gram stain. You notice itching, burning, swelling, or soreness around or outside of your vagina. Mechanical ventilation. https://www.cdc.gov/std/trichomonas/stdfact-trichomoniasis.htm. The ulcers have a soft center thats gray to yellowish-gray with defined, or sharp, edges. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina. It is associated microscopically with clue cells, which are epithelial cells covered in bacteria. Like the two bacteria we have described, A. actinomycetemcomitans it is an immobile bacterium. Is this kind of bacteria curable? help me please, what is the reamedy for coccobacilli infection. Pap Smear.Inflammation. If you do have chlamydia you could have had it for years. . You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Transmission is possible through: engaging in sexual contact using nonsterile equipment for injections puncturing the skin with a sharp object where the virus is present This infection can pass. STI Status Disclosure Examples. In situations when your immune system is weakened for any reason, it can begin to multiply too much. Staining is important as it is helpful in determining the right course of treatment. Effective p ychological treatment for p ychological di order known today are very varied and include different block or tep , in fact, each p ychological therapy ha it idio yncra ie .However, within t Few criminal act uch a exual a ault on women and children they generate o much aver ion in our ociety. Accessed Feb. 9, 2022. Bacterial vaginosis happens when the balance of bacteria is thrown off. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health People who are diagnosed with chancroid are not only at a higher risk for acquiring HIV, but theyre also at a higher risk for transmitting the condition as well. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Your doctor may also examine the lymph nodes in your groin for swelling and pain. . d. Haemophilus ducreyi. It's like the term "furniture." Furniture can be chairs, tables, sofas, and beds. It can also infect the urethra in a penis. Chlamydia. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Chlamydia purulent discharge 1 week after taking 1g of azithromycin. Gram (-) coccobacilli Can be transmitted to children not vaccinated AB toxin Catarrhal/Paroxysmal phase Whooping cough Vaccine /azithromycin: Bordetella pertussis: Gram (-) rod Atypical cause of CAP Prevents phagolysomal fusion Legionnaires disease, Pontiac fever Antibiotic: azithromycin: Legionella pneumophila https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm. The prevalence is higher in developing countries and in infants under five years of age. Treatment with antibiotic therapy such as metronidazole may provide relief, although it may self-resolve. Additionally, people who are HIV positive who contract chancroid tend to heal more slowly. Signs and symptoms of genital . HSVs are DNA viruses o include two serotypes HSV- Acinetobacter strains may grow on solid media as coccobacilli. U ns najdete rod shaped obrzky, kter hledte. Is Flagyl better than Cipro for bacterial infections? The warts can appear anywhere on the skin where sexual contact has occurred. Consider what products you're using that could be irritating your sensitive skin. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. to put it simply, 'shift in vaginal flora' when there is also bacteria detected means that you have bacterial vaginosis. (2014). a. Coccobacilli is a term for a whole group of bacteria that includes both chlamydia and gardinella vaginalis. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Plump coccobacilli that tend to resist alcohol decolorization and may be mistaken for Neisseria spp. Im having pretty heavy whitish discharge and I feel as if as antibiotics might have made things even worse because now I think I have yeast infection. The bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi causes this condition. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Most people recover from, Boils can occur almost anywhere on your body, even in your butt crack. If youre sexually active, you may be at risk for chancroid. You could also have an infection without any symptoms. Chancroid is a bacterial condition that causes open sores on or around the genitals. Mohammed TT, et al. The infection is extremely contagious and occurs through violent coughing and choking sensations. Coccobacilli are responsible for many conditions that cause a variety of symptoms, so treatment often depends on the type of illness you have. [citation needed], Coxiella burnetii is also a coccobacillus. Dogs are usually infected via sexual contact or oronasal contact with secretions. Symptoms include lesions, itching, and more. Coccobacilli is a group of bacterium. In women, trichomoniasis can cause a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching and painful urination. Missed diagnoses can increase risk of infertility, chronic pelvic pain and ectopic pregnancy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all babies, children, preteens, teenagers, and pregnant women be vaccinated against whooping cough. Click here for an email preview. A selective medium for G. vaginalis is colistin-oxolinic acid blood agar. Name three infectious agents that cause sexually transmitted diseases that can also affect the eye. Are Bleach Baths A Safe Way To Treat Eczema? Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. A. actinomycetemcomitans can also cause urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and abscesses. You treat noninfectious vaginitis by dealing with the probable cause. One of the leading causes of meningitis, ear infections, and sinus infections. are: a. Bordetella spp. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Satellites around S. aureus and some other colonies on sheep agar. 10. What is the difference between Flagyl and Cipro? Having sex can make some symptoms worse. TYPE OF TEST: . Whooping cough (pertussis) vaccination. People who are sexually active, no matter their age, may also be at risk of being infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Bacterial vaginosis is a common, treatable, vaginal condition. Overuse Of Drugs In Animal Farming Linked To Antibiotic Resistance In Humans, Vaginal discharge: Difference between normal discharge and infection, Using Vinegar in the Fight Against Cervical Cancer, 4 Reasons For An Inflammed Cervix (Cervicitis) And How To Treat It. on February 10, 2022. Vaginal lumps and bumps are common and can be caused by many different conditions. The genus . The disease is usually asymptomatic, although the secretions are characteristic and have unpleasant odors. Delivering your baby too early if you have BV while pregnant; and. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a common condition, but testing is the only way to know for sure if you're living with one. over a year ago. While there's no cure for HPV itself, you can receive treatment for genital warts. Globally, incidence has declined, but it may. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. You can avoid getting this disease by using condoms and other barrier methods during sexual contact. You might feel an irritation any time of the day, but it's most often bothersome at night. Gardnerella reveals a classic "clue cell" under the microscope, showing bacteria adhering to the surface of squamous epithelial cells. medic-dan109453 swelling in the groin, which is where the lower abdomen and thigh meet, limiting the number of sexual partners and practicing, avoiding activities that may increase the chances of you contracting chancroid or other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), alerting all partners if you develop the condition so that they may be tested and treated as well. Picture 2: The image shows gram-negative coccobacilli. You can add this content to your website bysyndicating. It's better to see your doctor before you try over-the-counter medications, even if you're pretty sure you know what you have. Bacterial vaginosis isn't a sexually transmitted infection. Vaginal diseases: Vaginal bacterial infection, Vaginal diseases: Problem in genital area, How to treat a yeast infection with yogurt. Term. About half of the time, women with BV have no symptoms. Vyhledejte jednodue svj rod shaped obrzek mezi miliony krsnch fotografi, snmk a vektor ve vysok kvalit. The others can be found when there is bacterial vaginosis, which is a vaginal infection that occurs when the . The Bordetella are small aerobic gram negative coccobacilli. Part of the problem is that you could have more than one at the same time. Chlamyidia is one, so is gardnerella vaginalis - bacteria vaginosis. Yeast infections are an overgrowth of the yeast that you normally have in your body. Diagnosing chancroid currently isnt possible through blood testing. The condition is curable if treated. A large amount of a thin, often foul-smelling discharge from the vagina which might be clear, white, gray, yellow or green, Burning with urination or after ejaculation, A history of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Give the infection to the baby as the baby passes through the birth canal. This can make your vagina dry, a condition called atrophic vaginitis. The labia are the folds of skin that cover the female genitals. A World Without Antibiotics How Did Doctors Treat Infections? When your discharge has a very noticeable odor, or burns or itches, that's likely a problem. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Plague is caused by the coccobacillus Y. pestis. | Find, read and cite all the research you need . When men do have signs and symptoms, however, they might include: See your health care provider if you have any symptoms of trichomoniasis or if you become aware that a sexual partner has the infection. Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria that are causing your ulcers. The following basic prevention steps may help lower your risk of getting BV: Treating BV during pregnancy is very important. If left untreated, some of these can permanently damage your reproductive organs or cause other health problems. Currently bacterial vaginosis is described as a sexually associated infection rather than a true sexually transmitted infection.1 Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal discharge and malodor.2 Most of the patients are asymptomatic. (1, 2, 3, and 4). Picture 6: A glass slide containing Haemophilus species. Older people who are sexually active may be at risk for diseases including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, genital herpes, hepatitis B, genital warts, and trichomoniasis. Mayo Clinic Staff. The morphological distinction does not provide additional information on the biology of the organism. They are: Your doctor will determine which antibiotic and dosage is best based on your healthcare needs. Trichomoniasis. If your discharge looks like cottage cheese, a yeast infection may be to blame. Men who have trichomoniasis typically have no symptoms. d. Haemophilus ducreyi. what about shift in flora suggestion of bacterial vaginosis? Figure 20.8 Diagnosis Its possible to have both at the same time. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/trichomoniasis. Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in women, usually in those ages 18 to 35 who have multiple sex partners. The elimination of the bacteria can be done with the taking of antibiotics. ", Planned Parenthood: "Yeast Infection & Vaginitis. Vaginal Itching Around The Time Of Your Period: Could Bacterial Vaginosis Be To Blame? Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection. In extreme cases, healthcare professionals resort to surgical removal. Bacteria of the same genus are associated with coughing episodes in humans, but they are milder pathologies. [15], G. vaginalis is associated with bacterial vaginosis,[16] which may be asymptomatic,[17] or may have symptoms including vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation, and a "fish-like" odor. Symbiomix Therapeutics; 2021. https://www.solosec.com/. My ob-gyn says that this means I have bacterial vaginosis and that I need another test to see if its caused by chlamydia or some other bacteria. According to the World Health Organization, there were more than 3,000 cases of plague reported between 2010 and 2015, causing 584 deaths. Chancroid may be successfully treated with medication or surgery. Trichomoniasis: fact sheet. 1 It infects the cervix, which is the opening to the uterus or womb. Pregnant women who have trichomoniasis might be at higher risk of delivering their babies prematurely. Vaginal Odor: Causes, Prevention and Treatment, Bacterial Vaginosis - The Little-Known Condition That Affects 1 In 3 Women, Normal And Pathological Vaginal Discharge. Im sure your ob-gyn will explain this better, but chances are that if youre not experiencing any symptoms and if its not chlamydia thats causing this, you most likely wont even need antibiotics, but only suppositories that should help you restore the balance of your vaginal flora. Keep reading to learn more about some of the most common coccobacilli infections. Should I switch from Flagyl to Cipro for BV? Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. The infection can be passed between men and women, women, and sometimes men. C. burnetii is. Office on Women's Health. About the Symptoms of Anaplasmosis, a Serious Tick-Borne Illness, Anaplasmosis: Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, and More, CDC Investigates if Romaine Lettuce is Source of E.coli Outbreak. Its important to take the antibiotic as your doctor prescribed and to take the entire course of antibiotics, even if you notice that your sores/ulcers have begun to improve. Picture 4: A haemophilus influenza belongs to the coccobacilli family. The key to treating vaginal infections is getting the right diagnosis. CDC twenty four seven. [1], Haemophilus influenzae, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Chlamydia trachomatis are coccobacilli. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Information from CDC Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Espaol | Print For Healthcare Providers For Public Health Professionals Get Tested Diseases and Related Conditions Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Chlamydia Gonorrhea Genital Herpes HIV/AIDS & STDs Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Mycoplasma genitalium (Mgen) The first step in treating coccobacilli-related infections is taking antibiotics. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If youre diagnosed with chancroid, youre also at risk for other STIs so you should be tested for them as well. All rights reserved. Certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) cause genital warts. 2 This primarily occurs with sexual contact. Once classified as Haemophilus vaginalis and afterwards as Corynebacterium vaginalis, G. vaginalis grows as small, circular, convex, gray colonies on chocolate agar; it also grows on HBT [3] agar. These two STIs often have to be ruled out via testing prior to a diagnosis of chancroid. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina. People often react with incomprehen ion, horror and hock when talking about exual a ault, a the o All Rights Reserved warbletoncouncil.org - 2023, The 12 Most Serious Social Problems in Peru, Art installation: history, characteristics, techniques, representatives, works, Circular economy: principles, agreements, industries, business models, Jernimo Carrin: biography and works during his presidency, Lambayeque Flora: Most Representative Species, The Sexual Assault Control Program: this is how this type of treatment works. * Clue cells are epithelial cells covered in coccobacilli. over a year ago. Together, the patient has trachebronchial inflation. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Male sex partners of women with BV do not need treatment. Bordetella bacteria are gram-negative coccobacilli that cause respiratory disease in humans and animals.B. X. When there are symptoms, they include pain during sex and discharge from the penis or vagina. This reduces swelling and pain as the sore heals but might cause some light scarring at the site. Bacterial Vaginosis - The Little-Known Condition That Affects 1 In 3 Women. Chancroid increases the risk for transmission and acquisition of HIV-1. It is related to bacterial vaginosis. A weak immune system. Wait for the result of the second test. This metabolic tendency is called facultative anaerobic. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021, American Sexual Health Association (ASHA), National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pregnancy and HIV, Viral Hepatitis, and STD Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Gonorrhea has few symptoms and is often difficult to diagnose. Sexual intercourse could be painful, and you may notice vaginal itching and burning. If left untreated, chlamydia can lead to infertility in both men and women. If youre diagnosed with a coccobacilli infection, your doctor will likely prescribe antibiotics to kill off the bacteria. I know its not an STD because I havent been sexually active in quite some time now and this was my regular yearly pap screen I dont have any symptoms of an infection, at least nothing I could see such as increased discharge or itching and swelling. Depending on the infection, they can spread through body fluids including blood, saliva, semen, or vaginal secretions, or be transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Found as indigenous microflora of the oral cavity and can cause a certain type of endocarditis. Genital warts are a type of sexually transmitted infection (STI) that causes warts (small bumps or growths) to form in and around your genitals and rectum. If an individual is infected, antibiotics are a usual first line treatment. H. ducreyi has more recently also been recognized as an important cause of non-sexually transmitted cutaneous ulcers, . The H. influenzae vaccine only protects against diseases caused by H. influenzae type b. A coccobacillus (plural coccobacilli), or bacilluscocco, is a type of bacterium with a shape intermediate between cocci (spherical bacteria) and bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria). G. vaginalis is a facultatively anaerobic Gram-variable rod that is involved, together with many other bacteria, mostly anaerobic, in bacterial vaginosis in some women as a result of a disruption in the normal vaginal microflora. Hillier S and Holmes K. Bacterial vaginosis. The bacteria can also enter your body through cuts and scratches or through mucus membranes. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Transmission to humans usually occurs through contact of a person's Guest This guide provides an overview of the management and empiric treatment of sexually transmitted infection (STI) - associated vaginitis, which is an inflammation or infection of the vagina, characterized by discharge, itching or odour. If we combine this information with your protected The risk increases with the length of the stay. Pap smear result says shift in flora, what does this mean? Chlamydia trachomatis, also a coccobacillus, is known to cause a sexually transmitted infection called Chlamydia. Picture 6: The image shows an example of Kingella species. The warts look like raised, flesh-colored lumps or bumps that have a cauliflower-like appearance. Is Flagyl better than Cipro for bacterial infections? Reply Share React JennStarr Dec 30, 2011 9:01 AM HPV only goes into dormancy- the immune system is key in supressing it, BUT it will never be completely gone; It can "come back" at any time. In the world of bacteria, the most common forms are: spherical-shaped cocci, bacilli that are straight cylinders of variable length similar to rods, and spirilli that are elongated ringlets. i got it result of pap smear. LaboratoryInfo.com does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Chlamydia Treatment: Can Antibiotics Treat A Chlamydia Infection? Make sure you take the full course thats prescribed by your doctor, even if you start to feel better before finishing it. Learn how to tell if you have, Scabies can cause an itchy rash on your genitals. The probability of acquiring the disease is increased by other conditions such as diabetes or certain imbalances of the immune system, in addition to unhealthy lifestyle habits such as smoking. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea and can be transmitted . Accessed Feb. 9, 2022. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans - a tooth killer? Globally, incidence has declined, but it may still be seen in some areas of Africa and the Caribbean. The resident facultative anaerobic Lactobacillus population in the vagina is responsible for the acidic environment. Periodontitis. However, we do know the condition most often occurs in those who are sexually active. a) Haemophilus influenzae b) Bordetella pertussis c) Haemophilus parainfluenzae d) Streptococcus pyogenese) Brucella melitensis 2) Name the two common bacteria that resides as normal flora in the upper respiratory tract of human which is also commonly isolated respiratory pathogensa) Haemophilus . There also is no research to show that treating a sex partner affects whether someone gets BV. Wait for the result of the second test. BV can increase your chance of getting a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Examples include gonorrhea, genital herpes, human papillomavirus infection, HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, and syphilis. A strong fish-like odor, especially after sex; Itching around the outside of the vagina. 57.A 25-year-old woman presents with yellow-greenish musty odorous vaginal discharge; on visualization of the discharge under the microscope demonstrates multiple vaginal squamous epithelial cells covered by bacteria cells. Douching may cause irritation, too, and, more importantly, could hide or spread an infection. Vaginal Discharge: Knowing the difference between normal discharge and infection, Say No To Yeast: Home Remedies For Vaginal Yeast Infection Treatment And Prevention. Gonorrhea is another common infection spread through. However, symptoms may develop over time. Bordetella species, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica can cause disease in humans that resembles pertussis with less severe symptoms. It is a normal flora of the mouth but with poor oral hygiene the bacteria grow excessively leading to infection. If you have symptoms, you should be checked and treated by a healthcare provider. Coccobacilli found at my latest ob-gyn exam. As with other sexually transmitted infections, the only way to prevent trichomoniasis is to not have sex. HSV-2 is mainly sexually transmitted and causes genital herpes. Haemophilus is a genus of Gram-negative coccobacilli, all of whose strains require at least 1 of 2 factors for growth (factor V [NAD] and factor X [heme]); therefore, it is most often isolated on chocolate agar, which can supply both factors. If you travel to or live in a country where the condition is more common, you may be more at risk. A woman's vagina makes a discharge that's usually clear or slightly cloudy. (2018). Your email address will not be published. Within prokaryotes, eubacteria exhibit enormous morphological diversity that allows these organisms to group together. All rights reserved. Merck Manual Professional Version. The origin of these organisms is most probably the vaginal and cervical flora. BV is the most common vaginal condition in women ages 15-44. Common. Mishori R, et al. Use of a tube that drains urine (catheter) War wounds. One type of pneumonia is caused by the coccobacillus H. influenzae. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. The parasite infects the lower genital tract. Given the lack of comprehensive data on this border area, we describe the different sexually transmitted . These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Treatment also may reduce the risk for getting other STDs. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999, 563-586. A mite called Sarcoptes scabiei causes scabies. Anaerobic gram-positive cocci and microaerophilic streptococci can be isolated from 25% to 50% of cases of endometritis, pyoderma, pelvic abscess, Bartholin glands abscess, postsurgical infections of the pelvis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. However, humans can get it from eating or drinking unpasteurized dairy products. STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. How to treat prostatitis with natural supplements. Other risk factors for chancroid include: The symptoms may vary, but typically they begin 4 to 7 days after exposure. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.

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