Hans Geiger was died on Sep 24, 1945 at age 62. [13], Although Geiger signed a petition against the Nazi government's interference with universities, he provided no support to colleague Hans Bethe (winner of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics) when he was fired for being Jewish.[14][15]. In fact, the electrons in Rutherford's model should have lasted less than 10^-5 seconds. A radioactive source emitting alpha particles (i.e., positively charged particles, identical to the helium atom nucleus and . "Hughes Medal Awarded to Professor Hans Geiger," in Nature, Volume 124, 1929, p. 893. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/geiger-hans, "Geiger, Hans For reasons that were not immediately clear to Giger, the artist was not asked back by Fox or director James Cameron for 1986s Aliensthis despite the fact that Giger won an Academy Award for his work on the original. James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935. Encyclopedia.com. Explanation Of Discoveries And Contributions "Geiger, Hans UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography. The nucleus was postulated as small and dense to account for the scattering of alpha particles from thin gold foil, as observed in a series of experiments performed by undergraduate Ernest Marsden under the direction of Rutherford and German physicist Hans Geiger in 1909. Even with this random scattering, the maximum angle of refraction if Thomson's model was correct would be just over half a degree. "Memories of Rutherford in Manchester," in Nature, Volume 141, 1938, p. 244. The Geiger Counter is is an electrical machine that was designed to count released alpha particles. Updates? Physicists got their first look at the structure of the atomic nucleus. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Web. HEISENBERG, WERNER KARL In 1904 he switched to Munich for one semester, where he attended lectures at the Technical University. Here, an illustration of Rutherford's particle scattering device used in his gold foil experiment. Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. He also helped Rutherford create the theory of the atom. Gigers lobster-claw-shaped vehicle was a radical departure for the franchise; it never made it past the sketch stage. With the latter, Geiger formed what would be a long and fruitful professional association, investigating various aspects of radioactive particles together. Rutherford's description of the event as recorded by Wilson revealed its importance: "It was as though you had fired a fifteen-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it had bounced back and hit you." An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. . Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (/ar/; German: [a]; 30 September 1882 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. Their results were published in German in Vienna in 1912 and in English in the Philosophical Magazine in April of 1913. Faculty V Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Central Institute School of Education (SETUB), Faculty I - Humanities and Educational Sciences, Faculty II Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Faculty IV Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty VI Planning Building Environment, Requirements for Admission to a Degree Program, Continuing education & further qualification, Construction, Building & Strategic Space Management. . For Debbie Harrys 1981 record, KooKoo, Giger used a recent acupuncture session as inspiration, depicting Harrys face being threaded by four needles. Encyclopedia.com. When Giger settled into a modestly-budgeted castle in Gruyres, Switzerland that could provide a home for all of his work, not everything was in place. Resembling something from a hostile alien world, it's a fitting tribute to the artist. ." He was also busy leading a team of nuclear physicists researching artificial radioactivity and the byproducts of nuclear fission (the splitting of the atom's nucleus). Tweet This, Celibacy tax was enforced in several socialist states until early 1990s. Why does Fox not give me the credit I rightfully earned? Resignation and sickness marked this period of his life. [9], In 1925, he began a teaching position at the University of Kiel where, in 1928 Geiger and his student Walther Mller created an improved version of the Geiger tube, the GeigerMller tube. Even more shocking, around 1 in 10,000 -particles were reflected directly back from the gold foil. Beyerchen, Alan D. Scientists under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich. Encyclopedia.com. Heres how it works. Both father and son, American nuclear physicist Robert Hofstadter (19151990) won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1961 for his pioneering work that unveiled the structure a, Heisenberg, Werner Karl It upsets me so much its sh*t.. He was also the eldest of five children. Omissions? When he took over the directorship of the Physics Institute at Technische Hochschule Berlin in 1936 in the midst of turbulent times, Geiger could already look back on a distinguished international career. When Schuster departed in 1907, Geiger continued his research with Schuster's successor, Ernest Rutherford, and the young physicist Ernest Marsden. This is our collection of basic interesting facts about Geiger Counter. Manners. the existence of light quantum, or packets of energy. ." That same year, Geiger moved to Manchester University in England to join its esteemed physics department. Tweet This, When astronomer Edwin Hubble died in 1953, his wife refused to organise a funeral and nobody knows what happened to his body. . Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Suffering badly, Geiger was forced to flee and seek refuge in Potsdam, where he died on September 24, 1945. The pair also established the basic unit of electrical charge when it is involved in electrical activity, which is equivalent to that carried by a single hydrogen atom. Tweet This, Adam Rainer was both a dwarf and a giant in his lifetime. Interesting Facts; interesting facts. In the 100 years after Dalton's model of the atom, a number of chemists tried to work out the structure of the atom. Of course, an -particle passing through an extremely thin gold foil would still encounter about 1,000 atoms, and thus its deflections would be essentially random. He attended the Fridericianum in Erlangen and completed his schooling there in 1901. When Swiss surrealist artist Hans Rudolf Giger died at the age of 74 in 2014, he left behind an impressive body of work. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Wiedemann, who was also his doctoral supervisor, obtained him a position as assistant to Professor Arthur Schuster at the University of Manchester. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, I used a real dog, Giger said, and I made the clothes in polyester. Although crude, the design of the alien (above) hints at the banana-shaped cranium hed later make famous. Hans Geiger invented the Geiger counter in 1911. Durrant, A., et al, 'Quantum Physics of Matter,' Open University, 2008, Ernest Rutherford, Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Rutherford, Niels Bohr, The Nobel Prize, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/facts/, House. [10][11], In 1929 Geiger was named professor of physics and director of research at the University of Tbingen where he made his first observations of a cosmic ray shower. Chelsea is the most famous Russian football club in the world. The second, referring to his work with Marsden, dealt with "The Scattering of Alpha-Particles by Matter." He and his sister, Iris, who was seven years his senior, were treated kindly by their parents. Encyclopedia.com. The Geiger-Marsden experiments were performed between 1908 and 1913 by Hans Geiger (of Geiger counter fame) and Ernest Marsden (a 20-year-old student who had not yet earned his bachelor's degree) under the direction of Ernest Rutherford. It has never been given to the same person more than once. After completing his required military service, he studied physics (the study of the relationship between matter and energy) at the University of Munich and at the University of Erlangen, receiving a doctorate from Erlangen in 1906 for his study of electrical releases through gases. In August 1929, he took up the chair of experimental physics in Tbingen. Geiger returned to Berlin in 1936 upon being offered the chair of physics at the Technische Hochschule. Tweet This. At the University of Manchester, Geiger conducted research with Ernest Rutherford. Hans Geiger was died on Sep 24, 1945 at age 62. His upgrading of the counter and his work on cosmic rays continued. With Walther Bothe, Geiger devised the technique of coincidence counting and used it in 1924 to clarify the details of the Compton effect. These observations were jointly published by Geiger and Marsden in an article entitled "On a Diffuse Reflection of the Alpha-Particles" for the Proceedings of the Royal Society in June of 1909. Experiments by Geiger and Marsden. Corrections? Rob holds a bachelor of science degree in physics and astronomy from the U.K.s Open University. Enlisted with the German troops, Geiger fought as an artillery officer opposite many of his old colleagues from Manchester including Marsden and H. G. J. Moseley from 1914 to 1918. Bunsentagung 1932 Mnster.jpg. Encyclopedia.com. This explains the large-angle scatterings seen in the Geiger-Marsden experiments. These results were published in two joint papers in 1908 entitled "An Electrical Method of Counting the Number of Alpha Particles" and "The Charge and Nature of the Alpha Particle.". Rob's articles have been published in Physics World, New Scientist, Astronomy Magazine, All About Space and ZME Science. - Hans Geiger was apart of a position against Hitler. He resumed his work at PTR in 1919. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html, Born: September 30, 1882Neustadt an-der-Haardt, GermanyDied: September 24, 1945Potsdam, Germany German experimental physicist. While contributing to the new design work, Giger clashed with the effects team and found the experience unsatisfactoryeven more so when he screened the film and noticed Fox had both ignored his contractual specification that he be credited for work on the sequel (instead of just original design by) and left his name out of the closing credits. Possible use cases are in quizzes, differences, riddles, homework facts legend, cover facts, and many more. In J.J. Thomsons "plum pudding model" an atom comprises a number of negatively charged electrons in a sphere of uniform positive charge, distributed like blueberries in a muffin. In 1907, after Schuster's retirement, Geiger began to work with his successor, Ernest Rutherford, and in 1908, along with Ernest Marsden, conducted the famous GeigerMarsden experiment (also known as the "gold foil experiment"). Hans Geiger was awarded with the Hughes Medal in 1929 "for his invention and development of methods of counting alpha and beta particles". In 1907, Rutherford, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden carried out the Geiger-Marsden experiment, an attempt to examine the structure of the atom. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Thomson found that metals emitted negatively charged particles when illuminated with high-frequency light. He has made such amount of wealth from his primary career as Engineer. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/geiger-hans. Manually counting the thousands of scintillations produced per minute was a laborious task. Childhood & Early Life. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/geiger-hans. An angry Giger sent off a letter to Fox. Together they began researching these alpha particles, discovering among other things that two alpha particles appeared to be released when uranium disintegrated. During some of his first gallery shows that displayed his preference for quasi-sexual imagery, neighbors were so appalled that they spit on the gallerys windows when they walked by. Four years later, he renamed it to aluminum and hence the dualism. Counting the thousands of flashes per minute was a long, hard task. Shortly thereafter he took his first teaching examination and completed his degree in 1906 with a dissertation on radioactive emissions. He is best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the GeigerMarsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. Law says you cant sell your ey, Norwegians use the word "Texas" as a synonym to "crazy". Geiger left Kiel for the University of Tubingen in October of 1929 to serve as professor of physics and director of research at its physics institute. Nuclear physicist Hans Geiger, whose surname is known all over the world for his invention of the radioactivity measuring device known as the Geiger counter, was born Johannes Wilhelm Geiger in Neustadt-an-der-Haardt, Germany on September 30, 1882.He was one of five children born to Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, a philosophy professor at the University of Erlangen. In 1912 Geiger gave his name to the Geiger-Nuttal law, which states that radioactive atoms with short half-lives emit alpha particles at high speed. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hans-Geiger, National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Hans GeigerGerman Physicist and the Geiger Counter. The 1950 toy lab set "Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory" contained uranium ore, polonium, a Geiger counter and a cloud chamber. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was a professor at the University of Erlangen. The duo used a radioactive source of -particles facing a thin sheet of gold or platinum surrounded by fluorescent screens that glowed when struck by the deflected particles, thus allowing the scientists to measure the angle of deflection. Geiger's research was interrupted by the start of World War I (191418; a war fought between the German-led Central Powers and the AlliesEngland, the United States, Italy, and other nations), during which he fought with the German troops. In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics at the University of Erlangen and was awarded a doctorate in 1906. Despite these failings, the Rutherford model derived from the Geiger-Marsden experiments would become the inspiration for Niels Bohr's atomic model of hydrogen, for which he won a Nobel Prize in Physics. I took one look at it, and Ive never been so sure of anything in my life, Scott said. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Albert Einstein dubbed the measuring device "humankind's most sensitive organ". The latter location is also adjacent to a Giger-approved museum of his works. CONDON, EDWARD UHLER Yet, when Geiger and Marsden conducted their eponymous experiment, they found that in about 2% of cases, the -particle underwent large deflections. Geiger was reputedly something of a workaholic, who put in long hours recording the light flashes. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He was also awarded the Hughes medal in 1929. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The years spent crouching in trenches on the front lines left Geiger with painful rheumatism. Before he was famous, He earned his doctorate in mathematics and physics from the University of Erlangen in 1906. His responsibilities included teaching students and guiding a sizable research team. In fact, until 1897, scientists believed that atoms had no internal structure and believed that they were an indivisible unit of matter. In 1951 bumbling comic strip husband Dagwood Bumstead was used to promote a "toy" called the Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab. In 1924 he published a paper on his method of coincidence which states that when a single particle passes through two Geiger counters, the pulses from each are coincident in time. He completed his Habilitation in Berlin in1924 with a work on alpha emissions. Following Gigers death in 2014, a plant breeder named Matthew Kaelin named a carnivorous species Nepenthes H.R. The results did have a profound effect on Rutherford, however, who in 1910 set about determining a model of atomic structure that would supersede Thomson's plum pudding model, Manners wrote in his book. Read on for interesting facts, quotes and information about Ernest Rutherford. Bohr united Rutherford's atomic model with the quantum theories of Max Planck to determine that electrons in an atom can only take discrete energy values, thereby explaining why they remain stable around a nucleus unless emitting or absorbing a photon, or light particle. Also in 1912 Geiger returned to Germany to take up a post as director of the new Laboratory for Radioactivity at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin, where he invented an instrument for measuring not only alpha particles but beta rays and other types of radiation as well. A female US teacher faked her childs death to extend a vacation in Costa Rica. Thirty years later Geiger recollected, "At first we could not understand this at all," Wilson noted. It was first proposed by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Ernest Rutherford. He also became involved with politics after Adolf Hitler's (18891945) rise to power in Germany's National Socialist Party. . One scientist who was skeptical of this model of atoms was Rutherford, who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his 1899 discovery of a form of radioactive decay via -particles two protons and two neutrons bound together and identical to a helium-4 nucleus, even if the researchers of the time didn't know this. The people responsible for Rutherford-Bohr model of atoms, discovery of atomic nucleus, splitting the atom, neutrons, x-ray crystallography, cosmic rays, creation of the Geiger counter, radio astronomy, geomagentism and the first digital computer - all worked at the University of Manchester, UK. Tweet This, You cant touch anything the electrons in your hand and those in the object will keep a tiny distance. In 1903 he was able to deflect it in electric and magnetic fields, thereby showing its positive charge, but his charge-to-mass ratio measurement lacked the precision required to distinguish between a helium atom with two charges and a hydrogen atom with one charge. Tweet This, 400 bee stings can kill an adult human being. As a result of his efforts, he was able to discover bursts of radiation called cosmic-ray showers, and he concentrated on their study for the rest of his career. The Manhatten Project raised background radiation levels so much, that for a long time geiger counters were built out of pre-1940s steel, mainly salvaged from sunken battleships, All steel produced post WWII is slightly radioactive and can't be used in Geiger Counters. There he worked with Walter Bothe (winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics) and James Chadwick (winner of the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics). When did Democrats and Republicans switch platforms? He was born on September 30, 1882 and his birthplace is Potsdam, Germany. Tweet This, First web cam was utilised for observation of a coffee box. Johannes Wilhelm Geiger was born in Neustadt an-der-Haardt (now Neustadt ander-Weinstrasse), Germany, on September 30, 1882. [2] He received a fellowship to the University of Manchester and worked as an assistant to Arthur Schuster. Tweet This, Born in Bulgaria, I have lived in places like Germany, Belgium and Iraq, before settling down with my family in Luxembourg. Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, was a philology professor-Hans took part in an attempt to build an atomic bomb, during WWII-Geiger and J. M. Nuttall founded a scientific rule which states, "the relationship between the logarithm of the range . In 1924, Geiger used his device to confirm the Compton effect which helped earn Arthur Compton the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics. [1] His thesis was on electrical discharges through gases. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute("id","a6c7055f50989055bfa8d36e8b53ba49");document.getElementById("f8e4e772f6").setAttribute("id","comment"); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Ridley Scott had no idea how he was going to proceed with the art direction for Alien, a script he agreed to direct about a space crew that inadvertently picks up a dangerous, acid-blooded passenger. In 1929 Geiger took up a post at the University of Tbingen, where he made his first observation of a cosmic-ray shower. Gigers work was celebrated by a number of musicians, many of whom asked him to design their album cover art. In 1920 he married Elisabeth Heffter, with whom he had three sons. Fans looking for a truly immersive Giger experience may want to visit Switzerland, where two bars designed by the artist are still in operation. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'buzzlearn_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',126,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-buzzlearn_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'buzzlearn_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_6',126,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-buzzlearn_com-medrectangle-3-0_1');.medrectangle-3-multi-126{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}Hans is originated from Germany. Rutherford's Nobel-winning discovery of particles formed the basis of the gold foil experiment, which cast doubt on the plum pudding model. Reference : Wiki, StarsNetworths, Newspapers. UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography. He was appointed director of the Institute of Physics at Technische HochschuleBerlin in 1936: After the outbreak of war, he was employed to conduct research into nuclear fission using uranium. If you focus on this & adopt this definition, success is yours.". ", Geiger's results were accurate enough to persuade Rutherford to go public with his discovery in 1910. The inventor of the Geiger counter Hans Geiger became an ardent Nazi supporter and facilitated sending some fellow scientists into concentration camps. A.C.Gilbert's science based toys were so popular that he was called 'the man who saved christmas' by the papers.For a year, his company sold a kids 'atomic energy lab' complete with Geiger counter, mini cloud chamber, and samples of several radioactive elements. The image was banned from advertisements in England. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Most probably, in your body there are atoms that were part of the body of Louis XIV. After completing his compulsory military service, he studied physics at the University of Munich, and at the University of Erlangen where his tutor was Professor Eilhard Wiedemann. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Tweet This, 98% of all matter was created within first five minutes after the Big Bang. Raise Your Brain participates in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn commissions by linking to Amazon. World Encyclopedia. Tweet This, Molecule means small weight. In the same year Geiger was able to prove the statistical nature of radioactive decay. Rutherford was to have a profound influence on young Geiger, sparking his interest in nuclear physics. New York, Tweet This, Mary E. Surratt was the first woman to be executed by the U.S. federal government. GEIGER ALSO WORKED AS A PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KEIL (1925-29), THE UNIVERSITY OF TBINGEN (1929-36), AND TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE (1936-45). Johannes Wilhelm Geiger was born in Neustadt ander-Haardt (now Neustadt ander-Weinstrasse), Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on September 30, 1882. READ MORE ABOUT ME, "Success is about creating benefit for all and enjoying the process. They just used my name.. Hans Geiger (1882-1945) invented the Geiger counter. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. (Image credit: BSIP/UIG Via Getty Images). Tweet This, Romanias full official name is Romania. . 2) Hans Geiger became involved with politics after Adolf Hitler's rise to power 3) No awards have been won, even with his many contributions to the atomic theory. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"Ec_R.wru.TUTKTmr6uhN4Nk.pUoII2Hwib7EV8a8b_Y-86400-0"}; "Geiger, Hans Hans Geiger. While in Manchester, Geiger also undertook teaching duties. Alternate titles: Johannes Wilhelm Geiger. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In 1994, Giger was invited to submit a design for a revamped Batmobile for Batman Forever, the second sequel to Tim Burtons 1989 original. Scheel,Karl Geiger,Hans 1928.JPG 1,350 900; 129 KB. In addition, it can aslo locate a speeding alpha particle within about one centimeter in space and within a hundreth-millionth second of time. The Hughes Medal is an important award given to people who make important discoveries in Science. (February 23, 2023). He helped create the Geiger-Nuttall rule. Crouching in trenches on the front lines left Geiger with painful rheumatism (stiffness and pain in the joints). Gigers aesthetic was on display in relatively low-resolution in Dark Seed, a 1992 DOS and Amiga computer point-and-click game: the artist contributed concept and background art. Ernest Rutherford lived from the 30th of August 1871 to the 19th of October 1937. . These cookies do not store any personal information. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Once given a dose large enough to track, officers could follow suspects, their documents and money with geiger counters. In the atomic era, the Geiger-Mller Counter, as it is officially known, is an indispensable piece of equipment for all radiation physicists. Geiger was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Erlangen in 1906 and shortly thereafter joined the staff of the University of Manchester, where he became one of the most valuable collaborators of Ernest Rutherford. In 1908, they jointly published a work on electrical counting methods of alpha particles. Geiger left Kiel for the University of Tubingen in October of 1929 to serve as professor of physics and director of research at its physics institute. His discovery of electrons also suggested that there were more elements to atomic structure. While investigating facts about Geiger Counter Sound and Geiger Counter Units, I found out little known, but curios details like: The inventor of the Erector Set also released an "Atomic Energy Laboratory" that included real uranium ore. One suggested activity was to play "hide and seek with the gamma ray source" by using the included Geiger counter to find a radioactive sample hidden in a room. He had just started to show signs of improvement in his health when his home near Babelsberg, Germany, was occupied in June 1945. While there he developed, with Walther Mueller, the Geiger-Mueller counter, commonly referred to as the Geiger counter. It was, rather, the constellation of evidence available gradually from the spring of 1913 and this, in turn, coupled with a growing conviction, tended to increase the significance or extrinsic value assigned to the Geiger-Marsden results beyond that which they intrinsically possessed in July 1912.". It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Interesting Facts; Bibliography; Johannes Geiger. Quick Facts: Here are some interesting facts about Hans Geiger: * During the World War II years, he was a member of the secret Uranium Club, a group of German scientists engaged in nuclear weapons research. The eldest of five children, Geiger was educated first at Erlangen Gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1901.

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