hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. Any proof of their numbers? Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. When they reached the Zulu shield-wall, they were so tightly bunched they could scarcely fight. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. [28] Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. The Khoisan and Pygmies live in Southern and Central Africa, respectively. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. They generally lack case inflection, but grammatical gender is characteristic, with some languages having two dozen genders (noun classes). Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Your email address will not be published. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. It is for chronological data concerning the second and third stages that we can now turn hopefully to archaeology. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialised for the forest and is shared between western Batwa groups. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Control of East Africa was essential to the Allies as [], By Madison Moulton Looking out at the North Sea the body of water dividing Britain and the rest of Europe you would never suspect this hub of marine activity was once not a marine environment at all. That's a bold claim. followed by the recent Bantu expansion separating the two regions.One . The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Also when the Portuguese started buying slaves from Africa the Bantu Expansion was given a new boost. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. However, this estimated expansion time could represent an underestimation and may simply show the expansion of a subset of the diversity within haplogroup R1b1* to west Central Africa through the Bantu expansion, having been shown to be especially frequent in northern Cameroon, near the putative Bantu expansion origin (Cruciani et al. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. The hypothesized Bantu expansion pushed out or assimilated the hunter-forager proto-Khoisan, who had formerly inhabited Southern Africa. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. The Tutsi's . The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. Linguists, classifying the languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. In 2004, Somali Bantus from this group began arriving for permanent resettlement in the U.S. Acts of genocide are normally committed by state agents, for example by soldiers in the employ of the national military or by militias who have the support of those who hold state power. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. Unfortunately, it is also greatly understudied and often unknown to history enthusiasts. Dingiswayo very quickly noticed that the young Shaka possessed a particular talent for war, and took him into his army. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. In both these stages the Bantu expansion seems to have coincided fairly closely with the spread of the Iron Age; and, if the spread of the Iron Age through the area north of the southern woodlands can now be traced in something like the detail which we already have for Zambia and Rhodesia, the mystery of the Bantu expansion will have been largely unravelled. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. Possibly caused by population growth, or by conflict, a migration set off in two streams one East across central Africa, and the other South following the Congo river system. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. By the end of the day the Ndwandwe force, although it still outnumbered Shaka's, was in full retreat. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. They are from Western Africa and East African countries like Tanzania. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. The outlines of the fourth stage can be established very largely from traditional evidence. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. Personal communication from Mr Fagg.Google Scholar, 14 Unless otherwise stated, all carbon dates are taken from the summaries published in the Journal of African History, II (1961), 1379, and IV (1963), 5278.Google Scholar, 15 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. . . We won't share your contact details with anyone. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. There Shaka revealed something much more than a simple talent for war, something, in fact, akin to genius. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. The primary evidence for this expansion is linguistic a great many of the languages which are spoken across sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other, suggesting the common cultural origin of their original speakers. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. But the Bantu farmers didn't swiftly drive hunter-gatherers to oblivion. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. Summary. There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format.

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