Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. [3]:75, A further 4 detachments were later organised as follows:[3]:113. UH-1, 1978-1980; CH-3, 1979-1980, 1981-1990; HH-3, 1980, 1981-1990; HH-60, 1990-1995. hnlich wie ihre zivilen Kollegen schtzen diese militrischen Feuerwehrleute Menschen, Eigentum und die Umwelt vor Brnden und Katastrophen. United States Air Force Brandschutz. Search, rescue, and recovery in Japan and adjacent waters, 1952-1957; also in Korea and adjacent waters, 1952-1953. Boeing has plans to launch its unmanned Starliner . The 38th Rescue Squadron hosted a celebration May 21, in honor of its 20th anniversary. The 38th Rescue Squadron is part of the 347th Rescue Group at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had already won . Detachment 2 was disbanded on 15 November 1970 with the return of USAF strike units from Takhli RTAFB to the US. 11 April 1966, an HH-43 of Detachment 6 based at, 28 October 1966, HH-43 BuNo 62-4511 callsign, 7 February 1968, HH-43 BuNo 62-4525 callsign. 11 April 1966, an HH-43 of Detachment 6 based at, 28 October 1966, HH-43 BuNo 62-4511 callsign, 7 February 1968, HH-43 BuNo 62-4525 callsign. Coordinates: 100507N 1054243E / . U.S. Air Force Airmen assigned to the 38th Rescue Squadron pose for a photo with Egyptian Navy and Air Force members during a combat search and rescue subject matter expert exchange at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia, Sept. 15, 2022. The 347th retained both the 41st and 71st Rescue Squadrons and on May 1, 2001 the Air Combat Command (ACC) activated the 38th Rescue Squadron to bring pararescue Guardian Angel personnel to the Moody arsenal. Activated on 14 Nov 1952. The 38th Rescue Squadron (38 RQS) is an active United States Air Force Pararescue squadron. Provided light-lift helicopter operations east of the Mississippi River, 1978-1980. Moody AFB, GA, 1 May 2001-. Activated on 30 Jun 1965. Inactivated on 15 Feb 1996. Part of the 347th Rescue Group, 23rd Wing, it is stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. Tan Son Nhut Afld (later, AB), South Vietnam, 1 Jul 1965-1 Jul 1971. Its just amazing to see how things have evolved from the seeds we planted 20 years ago come to fruition and the capability of the guys and gals have (in order to) move forward with everything thats going on today., An official website of the United States government, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. This article first appeared earlier and is being republished due to reader interest. Lt Col Edward Krafka, 1 Jul 1965; Lt Col Donald F. Karschner, 16 Oct 1965; Col Arthur W. Beall, 18 Nov 1965; Lt Col James L. Blackburn, 8 Jan 1966; Lt Col John A. The helicopter is assigned to Detachment 8, 38th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron file_download Download Order Print rate_review description Summary The original finding aid described this photograph as: Base: Cam Ranh Bay Air Base Country: Viet Nam (VNM) Scene Camera Operator: Unknown Release Status: Released to Public One factor was its unique hovering capability, which was the result of its uniqueintermeshing rotor configurationthat utilized two wooden rotors turning in opposite directions. Our mission is to give a fun, yet in depth experience in Arma3. Campaign Streamers. One or . All rights reserved. Redesignated 38 Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron on 8 Jan 1966. Quad City Air Show ( Flight Operation ) Davenport . Rocky remained in Bull Shoals until moving to Mountain Home, Arkansas in the summer of 2022. [3]:75, A further 4 detachments were later organised as follows:[3]:113. I am not an expert on patches however most of the patches 125799711473 In December, U.S. Air Force pararescue troops and other quick reaction. Constituted as 38 Air Rescue Squadron on 17 Oct 1952. US COAST GUARD SQUADRON ONE - Vietnam Vietnam War - Original Vietnam 385444745793 27 September 1968, an HH-43 of Detachment 13, 10 October 1968, HH-43B Tail No 58-1845 callsign, 19 July 1969, HH-43B Tail No 59-1562 callsign, Activated on 30 June 1965 (not organized), 3d Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group, 8 January 1966 1 July 1971, This page was last edited on 13 September 2022, at 10:40. "Personnel recovery is one of those missions where it's a tactical execution with strategic effect," said Miller. The personnel of the 38th Air Rescue Squadron distinguished themselves by extraordinary gallantry in connection with military operations against an opposing armed force in Southeast Asia from 1 August 1964 to 31 July 1965. None, 2001-. Baseball Roundup Sherman takes two to finish Collin County Classic, Softball Roundup Denison ends Bells-Bonham tourney strong, Girls Powerlifting Roundup Sherman, Denison lead state qualifiers, Photos: Texoma Nepalese Society celebrates Holi, 2022-23 Girls Basketball All-District Teams, Whitesboro falls to Mineola in region semifinals, Soccer Roundup Sherman, Denison girls win; Jackets take shootout, Austin Colleges White finalizes football coaching staff, Sister-in-law miffed when shes left out of wedding. Redesignated as 38 Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron on 8 Jan 1966. Available for both RF and RM licensing. Inactivated on 15 Feb 1996. They were assigned to the 347th and with this assignment came a redesignation for the 347th. Operations. While not the speediest aircraft used during the war, the HH-43B was capable of reaching crash sites before ground vehicles, and the foam from the kits along with the choppers powerful downwash of air from the rotors could help open a path for rescuers to reach crashed victims. Military Air Transport Service, 30 Jun 1965; Air Rescue Service, 1 Jul 1965 (attached to 2 Air Division for operational control, 1 Jul 1965-c. 7 Jan 1966); 3 Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group, 8 Jan 1966-1 Jul 1971. Redesignated as: 38 Air Rescue Squadron on 1 Jun 1989; 38 Rescue Squadron on 1 Feb 1993; 38 Rescue Flight on 1 Jul 1994. Provided light-lift helicopter operations east of the Mississippi River, 1978-1980. The squadron flew combat search and rescue missions during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Moody AFB, GA, 1 May 2001-. Were looking at better technology to integrate into the pararescue mission, said Wierzba. Rocky is survived by his daughter Robin, of Denver, CO., his sister Patricia Benton of Mount Airy, MD., his former wife, Marietta Neely, and by Jarrod, Audreys son, who was everything like a son to Rocky. Moody AFB, GA, 1 May 2001-. Activated on 1 May 2001. The 38 RQS trains, equips, and employs combat-ready pararescue and supporting personnel worldwide in support of U.S. national security interests and NASA. They repeatedly jeopardized their own lives by exposing themselves to hostile air and ground fire while flying unarmed aircraft in order to rescue survivors downed in hostile territory. Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation: [14 Nov 1952]-31 Mar 1953. 10 on July 1, 1976. TWS is the largest online community of Veterans existing today and is a powerful Veteran locator. It operates various fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft conducting search and rescue missions. Organized on 1 Jul 1965. : Korea Summer-Fall 1952; Third Korean Winter; Korea Summer 1953. In 2003, Rocky reconnected with Audrey Grill whom he had a previous relationship with during his time in Dallas. In 20 years, the rescue mission has remained constant, but the capabilities of 38th RQS Airmen continue to grow. Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards: 17 Jul 1979-15 Jun 1981; 1 Apr 1984-31 Mar 1986; 1 Apr 1986-31 Mar 1988; 1 Oct 1992-30 Sep 1994; 1-30 Nov 1995; 1 Jun 2000-31 May 2002; 1 Jun 2002-31 May 2003; 1 Oct 2003-31 Oct 2004; 1 Nov 2004-31 Jul 2006. During 196970, with US involvement in Vietnam winding down, other Detachments were moved or disbanded as follows:[4], On 1 July 1971 the entire 38th ARRS was inactivated. The squadron provided light-lift helicopter operations east of the Mississippi River from 19781980. Inactivated on 18 Sep 1957. U.S. Air Force Capt. Personnel recovery is one of those missions where its a tactical execution with strategic effect, said Miller. He lived his younger years in the Dallas and Arlington, Texas area. With the help of technology, its going to make it much faster and easier to do things they need to do, whether its (to improve) vision on the battlefield from overhead where enemies are or where people who need to be rescued are. [2], The 38th Air Rescue Squadron was activated on 30 June 1965 at Tan Son Nhut AB, Vietnam, and organized the next day to control detachments operating from bases in Vietnam and Thailand as follows:[2][3], On 15 September 1965 two more detachments were organized:[6], On 8 January 1966 the squadron was redesignated the 38th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron as part of the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service,[2] and assigned to the 3rd Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group. Last edited on 13 September 2022, at 10:40, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm, 37th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron, 41st Rescue and Weather Reconnaissance Wing, List of United States Air Force rescue squadrons, "Airman 1st Class William H. Pitsenbarger", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=38th_Rescue_Squadron&oldid=1110062312, 19521957; 19651971; 19781996; 2001present, Detachment 10 was disbanded at Binh Thuy AB on 20 December 1969, Detachment 9 was relocated from Pleiku AB to Nakhon Phanom RTAFB on 16 February 1970, Detachment 8 was disbanded at Cam Ranh AB with the, Detachment 11 was disbanded on 15 October 1970 when all USAF units left Tuy Hoa AB. Here's What You Need to Remember:The Huskie was developed just afterWorld War IIat the Kaman Company by a German aviation engineer who was among those scientists and aviation experts that were brought to the United States as part ofOperation Paperclip. Trained combat-ready pararescue personnel to support worldwide US national security interests; utilized flying assets of other units, 2001-. FORT BELVOIR, Va. Two decades ago as the nation reeled from the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, a unique team of search and rescue Soldiers put their training to work at the Pentagon when . Aircraft. The 38th RQS has come a long way and still has ways to go. (U.S. Air Force photo by Airman 1st Class Jasmine M. Barnes), U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency. The squadron flew combat search and rescue missions during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Gentlemen, I am very pleased to have you here, and we honor and salute you all. Harold R. Terrell (Rocky), age 79, died Saturday, February 25, 2023. The 38th Rescue Squadron (38 RQS) is an active United States Air Force Pararescue squadron. Inactivated on 18 Sep 1957. After completing the U.S. Air Force Pararescue Pipeline, Sgt Brown served as a Pararescueman with the 38th Rescue Squadron at Moody AFB, Georgia, from October 2004 to March 2006, followed by service as a Pararescueman with the 31st Rescue Squadron at Kadena AB, Okinawa, from March 2006 to March 2009. The squadron flew combat search and rescue missions during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Part of the 347th Rescue Group, 23rd Wing, it is stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. See also Category:Squadron emblems of the United States Air Force. Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation: [14 Nov 1952]-31 Mar 1953. Local base rescue helicopters and their crews then became detachments of the parent unit, the 3d Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group.[4]. The 38th Rescue Squadron conducted a Mass Casualty Full Mission Profile exercise at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia, Jan. 19, 2023 to enhance PJ's capabilities and test the critical skills they may find themselves needing. When we (put together) this squadron on May 7, 2001, it was the first crew-lead rescue squadron that took pararescue men out of the flying squadrons (and highlighted) their unique capability, said retired Chief Master Sgt. It operated 14 search and rescue detachments in South Vietnam and Thailand from, 19651971. While the St. Bernard is the dog breed best known as rescue dogs, for downed American pilots in Vietnam their savior was a rescue chopper named after a different breed. This squadron provides survivor contact, treatment, and extraction during combat rescue operations, and uses various fixed/rotary wing insertion/extraction assets and employs by any means available to provide combat and humanitarian search, rescue, and medical assistance in all environments. 38th RESCUE SQUADRON MISSION LINEAGE 38th Air Rescue Squadron constituted, 17 Oct 1952 Activated, 14 Nov 1952 Inactivated, 18 Sep 1957 Activated, . They join that company of the valiant to whom we all owe our freedom and our national honor. [1], The 38th Air Rescue Squadron was activated on 30 June 1965 at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam, and organized the next day to control detachments operating from bases in Vietnam and Thailand as follows:[1][3], On 15 September 1965 two more detachments were organized:[3]:70, On 8 January 1966 the squadron was redesignated the 38th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron as part of the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service,[1] and assigned to the 3rd Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group. Since 2001, the squadron has been able to live up to their mission statement and continue to bring Airmen home. The squadron of elite Guardian Angel Airmen serve as highly trained rescue specialists, on and off the battlefield, providing life-saving trauma care and search and rescue as part of the 920th Rescue Wing - one of the most deployed units in the Air Force Reserve. A rescue squadron's main task is to provide both combat, and peacetime search and rescue operations. April 11, 2022 Aviation 38th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron, 38th ARRS Detachment 6, Bien Hoa Air Base, Kaman HH-43 Huskie, Medal of Honor, Pararescueman, PJ, Vietnam War, William Hart Pitsenbarger Bryan Swopes Airman 1st Class William Hart Pitsenbarger, United States Air Force The teams included pararescuemen, airmen and maritime operations from the 38th Rescue Squadron from the Moody Air Force Base in Georgia. In accordance with Chapter 3 of AFI 84-105, commercial reproduction of this emblem is NOT permitted without the permission of the proponent organizational/unit commander. Redesignated as 38 Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron on 8 Jan 1966. Its thriving.. Lt Col Edward Krafka, 1 Jul 1965; Lt Col Donald F. Karschner, 16 Oct 1965; Col Arthur W. Beall, 18 Nov 1965; Lt Col James L. Blackburn, 8 Jan 1966; Lt Col John A. It operated 14 search and rescue detachments in South Vietnam and Thailand from, 19651971. From 1966-1970, the crews of the Huskie performed a total of 888 combat saves including 343 aircrew rescues and 545 non-aircrew rescues. According to U.S. history (Bystran, 2016), the 65th Infantry Regiment Borinqueneers were the largest, longest standing, and only active duty segregated latino unit. Detachment 10 of the 38th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron, US Air Force, operated two HH-43 helicopters at Binh Thuy from 15 September 1965 to 20 December 1969. In 2006, resources deployed in support of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom in Afghanistan and Iraq. Unit of Service: 38th Rescue Squadron, 6147th Tactical Control Group Location of Service: Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina; Luke Air Force Base, Arizona; Korea; Okinawa, Japan Dates of Service: 1951-1974 Entrance into Service: Commissioned Military Status: Veteran Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Branch of Service: Air Force The HH-43B Huskie had a top speed of 120 miles per hour, and a range of 185 miles. Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat V Device: 1 Jul-31 Dec 1966. Distinguished Unit Citation: Korea, 1 May-27 Jul 1953. Part of the 347th Rescue Group, 23rd Wing, it is stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. He retired from the USAF in, 1981. Campaign Streamers. Quantity: 4 or more for $10.80/ea. 14 Nov 1952-18 Sep 1957 Tan Son Nhut Afld (later, AB), South Vietnam, 1 Jul 1965-1 Jul 1971 Homestead AFB, FL, 1 Jul 1978-8 Jan 1981 Osan AB, South Korea, 8 Jan 1981-15 Feb 1996 Moody AFB, GA, 1 . Vietnam: Vietnam Defensive; Vietnam Air; Vietnam Air Offensive; Vietnam Air Offensive, Phase II; Vietnam Air Offensive, Phase III; Vietnam Air/Ground; Vietnam Air Offensive, Phase IV; Tet 69/Counteroffensive; Vietnam Summer-Fall, 1969; Vietnam Winter-Spring, 1970; Sanctuary Counteroffensive; Southwest Monsoon; Commando Hunt V; Commando Hunt VI. Their heroic actions in the Korean War paved the way for full integration of the United States Armed Forces. The Huskie was first adopted by the United States Navy, and the original version was equipped with a piston engine, which was replaced by two turbine engines, resulting in the first successful twin-turbine helicopter. Peter Suciu is a Michigan-based writer who has contributed to more than four dozen magazines, newspapers and websites. Operated 14 search and rescue detachments in Vietnam and Thailand, 1965-1971. A squadron may be either a mission unit, such as an operational flying squadron, or a functional unit, such as a civil engineer, maintenance, security forces, or transportation squadron. During 196970, with US involvement in Vietnam winding down, other Detachments were moved or disbanded as follows: On 1 July 1971 the entire 38th ARRS was inactivated. It also flew rescue helicopter operations in South Korea and adjacent waters from 1981 to 1995. $12.70/ea. During the ceremony, Staff Sgt. The extraordinary heroism displayed by this unit in effecting rescues under the most perilous of circumstances has had a most beneficial effect upon the morale of all who fly over hostile territory in Southeast Asia. In its fire suppression role the Huskie could carry a kit that weighed one thousand pounds yet could still produce almost seven hundred gallons of fire-fighting foam. May 1967, the HH-3s and crews of Detachment 7 at Da Nang Air Base were reassigned to the 37th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron and the detachment closed. Airmen assigned to the 41st and 38th Rescue Squadrons conduct hoist training at Moody Air Force Base, Ga., in March 2022. "What makes this squadron unique is it's one of the few (units) where the people are the weapons systems. The 37th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron (37th ARRS) was a rescue squadron of the USAF active during the Vietnam War. Inactivated on 15 Feb 1996. Distinguished Unit Citation: Korea, 1 May-27 Jul 1953. Note: The President spoke at 1:30 p.m. in the Cabinet Room at the White House. He was assigned to the 38th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron at Nha Trang Air Base, Vietnam where he was awarded the Air Medal for his airmanship and courage while participating in important combat missions through hazardous conditions in Southeast Asia. Detachment 1 38th ARRS operating HH-3s at . LOT x 89 PATCH - US RECON TEAMS - USAF - MACV-SOG - SNOOPY - RANGER, Vietnam War: $783.20. The squadron flew combat search and rescue missions during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. 38 Rescue Squadron (ACC) Lineage. Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm: 1 Apr 1966-[1 Jul 1971]. This squadron bares some unique qualities that validate its capabilities to save Airmen in danger. Redesignated 38 Rescue Squadron on 2 Apr 2001. Part of the 347th Rescue Group at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. If you served in 38th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron, Join TWS for free to reconnect with service friends. In fact, they are the last segregated unit in combat. Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm: 1 Apr 1966-[1 Jul 1971]. Thats the vision for the future.. [1], The 38th Air Rescue Squadron was activated on 30 June 1965 at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam, and organized the next day to control detachments operating from bases in Vietnam and Thailand as follows:[1][3], On 15 September 1965 two more detachments were organized:[3]:70, On 8 January 1966 the squadron was redesignated the 38th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron as part of the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service,[1] and assigned to the 3rd Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group. He was a veteran of the Vietnam War. Air Force Rescue 490 departed Tampa at 9 p.m. and returned to Moody Air Force Base. Maj Vincent Savino, 1 May 2001; Lt Col Paul T. Johnson, 6 Jul 2004; Lt Col Charles E. Metrolis, 16 Aug 2007; Maj Steven A. Simone, 22 Jun 2009; Maj Patrick ORourke, 30 Jun 2011-. Activated on 14 Nov 1952. . The 38th Rescue Squadron is an active United States Air Force Pararescue squadron. Misawa AB, Japan, 14 Nov 1952-18 Sep 1957. Copyright 2023 Center for the National Interest All Rights Reserved. Presidential Unit Citations (Southeast Asia): [1 Jul]-31 Jul 1965; 1 Aug 1965-30 Jun 1966; 1 Jul 1967-31 Jan 1969; 1 Feb 1969-30 Apr 1970; 1 May 1970-1 Jul 1971. Decorations. Born: 8 July 1944, Piqua, Ohio. Prior to the war Flettner had been a pioneer of German rotary aircraft and he had overseen the development of theFlettner FL 282 Kolibri(Hummingbird), which also had employed intermeshing rotors. Item Information. [1], The 38th conducted search, rescue, and recovery in Japan and adjacent waters from 19521957 including supporting operations in Korea and adjacent waters from 19521953. Thats how we get involved.. The squadron provided light-lift helicopter operations east of the Mississippi River from 1978 to 1980. Mission [ edit] Redesignated as 38 Rescue Squadron on 2 Apr 2001. Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat V Device: 1 Jul-31 Dec 1966. Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device: 1 Jul-31 Dec 1966. Price, 4 Sep 1966; Lt Col Norman V. Rudrud, 14 Sep 1967; Lt. Col Edward J. Renth Jr., 22 Nov 1967; Lt Col James L. Price, 5 Jul 1969; Lt Col Donald E. Jensen, by 30 Jun 1970; Lt Col John F. Ward, by 30 Jun-1 Jul 1971. Inactivated on 1 Jul 1971. Find 38th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron unit information, patches, operation history, veteran photos and more on TogetherWeServed.com. Inactivated on 1 Jul 1971. Jan 10, 2012 - Pararescuemen from the 38th Rescue Squadron and the 58th Rescue Squadron, Nellis Air Force Base, Nev., jump from a HC-130P/N for a High Altitude Low Opening free fall drop from 12,999 feet in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. In the face of enemy fire, in almost prohibitive weather, in every terrain, at every hour, they have carried out their missions of mercy. The 38th RQS is the only rescue squadron here with pararescue men, and it is one of five Guardian Angel units in the world. Buy 2. One of the surviving Huskies is now in the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base outside of Dayton, Ohio. Contents 1 Mission 2 History 3 Korean War 4 Vietnam War 4.1 Operations and Losses 4.2 Lineage[2] 5 Assignments[2] 6 Bases stationed[2] During the Vietnam War it was used as a short-range overland search and rescue aircraft and served with the 33d, 36th, 37th, and 38th Air Rescue Squadrons, and later with the 40th Aerospace. Constituted as 38 Air Rescue Squadron on 17 Oct 1952. The 38th RQS is the only rescue squadron here with pararescue men, and it is one of five Guardian Angel units in the world. $12.07/ea. Paul Miller, 38th RQS first chief enlisted manager. In mid-1965 Detachment 3, 38th Air Rescue Squadron equipped with 2 HH-43Bs deployed to Ubon to provide base search and rescue. The Air Force Rescue Coordination Center credited the 41st and 38th Rescue Squadron with one save. Von: Whrend die Kaman HH-43F Huskie (Pedro) schwebt, wird die AIRMAN First Class (A1C) William Hart Pitsenbarger, USAF, Pararescue Crew Member, Detachment 6, 38th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron (ARRS) aus dem brennenden Minenfeld geholt, whrend ein . Aircraft. [2], The 38th conducted search, rescue, and recovery in Japan and adjacent waters from 1952 to 1957 including supporting operations in Korea and adjacent waters from 1952 to 1953. Find the perfect hc_staff stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Constituted as 38 Air Rescue Squadron on 17 Oct 1952. John Brown August 6, 2011. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The 38 RQS trains, equips, and employs combatready pararescue and supporting personnel worldwide in su On that date, Airman Pitsenbarger was aboard a rescue helicopter responding to .

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